Nuka entertains his fans in Toledo

Nuka seems to be a happy fellow.

21 year old Nuka knows he's a popular fellow, and is happy to see his fans when they come to visit him in the Toledo Zoo. Especially because Ice Queen Crystal has chosen to remain behind the scenes for most of the summer, only making rare appearances.

I visited Nuka a few weeks ago in Toledo. On both days I was there, he was out and about, greeting the visitors, strolling about and swimming. Crystal remained hidden.

During my Toledo visit, Nuka came over to one of the windows where I was waiting with my camera, and posed quite deliberately for me, looking me right in the eye. Maybe he remembered me from my visits to Detroit?

My private moment with Nuka

Gazing into my camera lens.

A little smile from Nuka

 One of the employees showed me a photo of Crystal taken the night before, as she had come out during a Friday night private event but only napped in the den. Crystal has the choice of coming out. The people who know her, the employees, say she will probably come out more often in the fall, when cooler weather returns. 

Nuka contemplates diving into the pool.

Nuka does his pacing, to be sure, back and forth between the den entrance and the public window at the end of the enclosure. He also enjoys swimming his laps, jumping into the chilled pool and coming face to face with the visitors in the underwater viewing area. 

Entertaining the visitors.

Sometimes he plays with the visitors through the glass, especially the kids. Nuka is a people person.

Blowing bubbles, always a big hit

Nuka and his cousin Lee (in the Columbus Zoo) are the only male bears living in the US who have fathered cubs.  Nuka is the father of Astra and Laerke, girls born in the Detroit Zoo in 2020, and Kallik and Kallu, boys born in the Toledo Zoo in 2022. The mother of the Detroit twins is Suka, and her mother Crystal is mother of the Toledo twins. 

Up close and personal with Nuka

Nuka's twin brother Koda remains in Memphis alone. It is a mystery to me why he is not in a breeding situation, but there he is, alone.

Nuka up close.

Nuka and his twin brother Koda were born November 25, 2004, in Denver, to Voda and Kavek, who are also parents of Cranbeary of the Alaska Zoo, born three years earlier.

Nuka through the door of the den in Toledo.

Nuka and his twin brother Koda moved to Pittsburgh when they were two years old, and then in 2011 Nuka moved to Detroit alone, leaving Koda in Pittsburgh. In Detroit, Nuka lived with Talini for a time, and then Suka.

Suka and daughter Astra in 2021 Detroit.

Suka and Nuka's other daughter Laerke in 2021, Detroit. Laerke had health difficulties shortly after birth and was raised by keepers. She had a rescued grizzly bear companion Jebbie to play with. 

When Suka had her twins, Nuka moved to Toledo, where he fathered Kallik and Kallu, then back to Detroit.

Crystal in 2023, nursing the cubs in the den where visitors could watch. 

Underwater portrait of Nuka in Toledo.

When Crystal's new mate wildborn Kali did not work out, the two male bears were switched, and Nuka came back to Toledo, where he is today. They knew that Crystal liked Nuka, and she wasn't fond of Kali at all. Crystal is almost 28 years old, and has had nine cubs. She deserves a comfortable retirement, but the Species Survival program still has hopes that they can breed her. 

Nuka walking the boundary in Detroit in 2021,
with Suka and young Astra watching Dad.

Nuka also has a lot of fans in Detroit, where he lived for many years, and fathered twin girls Astra and Laerke with Crystal's daughter Suka. 

Nuka always has a friendly smile.

When Suka was busy raising Astra, and leaving Laerke to the care of the keepers, Nuka made the move to Toledo where he spent time with Suka's mother Crystal. The result was twin boys Kallik and Kallu, born in 2022.  

Kallik and Kallu at age 2 in Toledo

Nuka in Toledo

Nuka in Toledo. He will be 22 this fall.

Crystal (center) and her cubs Kallik and Kallu,
 fathered by Nuka in Toledo. 

Crystal at the cubs' birthday party. Crystal is in the middle.

Nuka went through a bad time when his reputation suffered after the death of Anana, who had moved to Detroit from Cincinnati. At first it was reported that Nuka, gentle Nuka, had killed her in a breeding attempt. It was later found, but not widely reported, that Anana had suffered heart failure, nothing to do with Nuka. Any wounds she had on her head resulted from Nuka trying to wake her up. 

Nuka's cubs are now mostly grown and in other zoos. 

Astra is in Como Zoo in St. Paul Minnesota. Laerke is in Point Defiance Zoo in Tacoma Washington. Kallik is in the Oregon Zoo in Portland, and Kallu is in the St. Louis Zoo in Missouri. 

A little family history:

Who is Nuka related to?

A bear named Clark was the great grandfather of Nuka and Koda, and also Cranbeary. 

 Voda, mother of Cranbeary, and twins Nuka and Koda, was daughter of Commodore who was born in Brookfield Zoo in 1972, the son of Clark.  This Clark was also the father of  the famous mother Arki, born in 1984 in the Brookfield Zoo and ending her days at the Louisville Zoo, and also of  Skeena, born in the Louisville Zoo in 1974. 

Arki became the mother of Marty, who was the father of all of Crystal's cubs in Toledo except for the last set of twins. So Marty and Nuka are related. Grandfather of Marty is Clark, who is great grandfather of Nuka. 

Skeena of Louisville was the mother of  twins Neil and Buzz, born in Louisville in 1995, and Neil is now in the Como Zoo;  Icee, who fathered twins Berlin and Yukon in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1989; Ulu born in Louisville in 1985 and the mother of Berit, longtime Cincinnati Zoo resident now living in Henry Vilas Zoo; and triplets Aquila, Aurora, Arcturus born in the Louisville Zoo in 1992. Of these bears, only Yukon has offspring going forward. He was the father of Aurora's four cubs: Lee of Columbus, Haley of Detroit, Anana of North Carolina, and Anoki of Rochester Of these four, only Lee of Columbus has offspring: Kulu now in Como Zoo. 

Moving season for the bears

 Now that the summer is over, and weather is cooler, some of the planned moves for polar bears have taken place, or are coming right up.

Earlier this year, Haley moved from Memphis to the Detroit Zoo, where both she and Suka are currently denning up. Also in Detroit is Nuka, twin brother of Koda, whom Haley left behind in Memphis.

Haley

In August, almost 9 year old Amelia Gray, daughter of the late Anana and Nanuq in the Columbus Zoo, moved from the Oregon Zoo in Portland, where she lived with her sister/cousin Nora, to the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, where she joined Hudson and her Aunt Hope. Hudson is brother of Amelia Gray's late grandfather Marty of Toledo. With almost all the younger bears related to the Crystal-Marty family, the officials are trying their best to match up possible polar bear breeding couples.

Amelia Gray

An upcoming move will split up Crystal's twins Kallik and Kallu, born in Toledo almost three years ago and currently in St. Louis. Their father is Nuka of the Detroit Zoo. Kallik will moved to the Oregon Zoo, and current resident Nora will move to the Henry Villas Zoo to be with older lady Berit.  So Kallik will be alone at the Oregon Zoo and Kallu will also be alone at the St. Louis Zoo for the time being. 

Kallik and Kallu

Nora, who was born with a bone condition and was raised by her keepers, is the daughter of Aurora and the late Nunuq, born in Columbus almost 10 years ago. While living in Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City, she suffered a severe bone break, and had to have extensive surgery involving screws and other metal parts to stabilize her paw. She is totally recovered now, but may not be good breeding material due to her bone problem. Even so, She is moving to the Henry Vilas Zoo in Madison Wisconsin where they plan to bring in a male for her at some time in future, in addition to Berit currently living there. The Henry Vilas Zoo plans to move the two grizzly bear sisters to another zoo so the polar bears will have two enclosures.

Nora in Salt Lake City

Twins Astra and Laerke, almost four years old and living at the Point Defiance Zoo in Tacoma Washington, have been split up, with Astra going to Como Zoo in St. Paul, Minnesota, where there are currently three bears. Young Kulu, almost six years old, is to be Astra's mate. Since Astra's mother Suka and Kulu's mother Aurora are sisters, Astra and Kulu are first cousins.

 The other two Como bears, Nan and Neil, are elderly and quite beloved there, but will not always be around so Como Zoo is looking to the future with a new breeding pair. Laerke  and Astra were born at the Detroit Zoo, daughters of Suka and Nuka. Laerke was failing within a few days after birth, so was taken into the care of zookeepers, where she faced challenges. To give Laerke company, a grizzly bear cub named Jebbie was brought in to be her companion. Astra and Laerke were finally allowed to play together when they were about two years old, and were moved to the Point Defiance Zoo together. Soon Laerke will be alone again, but she did grow up for many months with just human company, so she should be comfortable with that.

Astra in Detroit

Cubs this year?

To speculate on who might be giving birth in the coming few months, I am hopeful about Aurora and Lee in Columbus, and Suka and Nuka in Detroit. Wildborn Qannik in Louisville is a long shot this year since she injured her paw just as her first breeding season started with her new companion Bo, but she is denned up anyway. Haley in Detroit may have been bred by Nuka's brother Koda in Memphis last spring before she moved, and she is denned up as well.

Luna and Sakari in Buffalo have had many years of trying, but this year may be different, for I hear they are doing something different in Buffalo.

Nikita and Neva in Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City are also a possibility.

Although the powers that be brought wildborn orphan Kali from St. Louis to Toledo to be mate to Crystal in hopes for more cubs from this champion mother, I doubt that will happen. Crystal will be 27 years old this fall, and as far as I know, the oldest mother to give birth was Uslada in St. Petersburg at age 26. I have not heard much news about Crystal and Kali being together during breeding season.

In Europe, so many of the bears have been split into boy groups and girl groups, to prevent overpopulation, just the opposite problem the US zoo are facing.

Malik nursing cubs Imaq and Inuk in Aalborg.

I am hopeful that my Rasputin and Malik in Aalborg  Denmark, will produce cubs this year. I am pinning my main hopes on this pair. Both have proven fertile.

In Hanover, we  have Sprinter and Milana (also Vera is there), so that might work. We also have Nuka's twin sister Qilak in Pairi Daiza, where there are twin brother Bely and Cery, although I don't know if they have been together. 

15 year old Qannik, daughter of Toledo Crystal's sister Blanche, is with Cora's son Nanuk in Zoo Sauvage in Belgium. 

European moves

In Europe, Anna and Elsa have left their mother Valeska in Bremerhaven's Zoo Am Meer, and have moved to Zoo Brno in the Czech Republic, where longtime resident Cora was already enjoying the new enclosure. Anna and Elsa are soon to be six years old. There is a trend in European zoos to form all girl groups, or all boy groups, since their breeding program has been so successful, and they do not want a surplus of cubs with no home to go to.

Last May, Anouk left her mother Victoria in Hamburg and moved to to a brand new polar bear home in  Lumigny Safari Resort just outside of Paris. Anouk will be three years old in December. Her father is the late Kap. In June 10 year old Nicky arrived from Zoo de Cerza, also in France, where she had been living with her twin sister Simone. Those twins are offspring of Frimas and Henk in Eindhoven Zoo in the Netherlands.

Haley moves to Detroit Zoo

 

Haley in 2012 in Memphis

22 year old Haley has made the move from the Memphis Zoo, where she lived with Koda, to the Detroit Zoo, where she will live with Crystal's daughter Suka, and Koda's twin brother Nuka, in hopes that she will finally have cubs.

Haley in Memphis, 2012.

Haley was born November 15, 2002, in Seneca Park Zoo in Rochester NY. Her parents were Aurora, born in Salt Lake City to Cheechacko and Chinook, and Yukon, who was born to Connie/Amy and Icee in the Cincinnati Zoo. 

Haley in Memphis

Haley is sister to Anoki, born in 1996 and now in the Seneca Park Zoo, and to twins Lee and Anana, born in 1999. Lee is now in the Columbus Zoo, and is the father of Kulu, with Crystal's daughter Aurora; Kulu is now in the Como Zoo in St. Paul. Anana is in the North Carolina Zoo. Like her sisters, she has never had cubs.

Haley had lived with Marty's brother Payton in the Memphis Zoo for many years, but there was an incident early on where Payton was chasing Haley up and down the steep rocky habitat. She fell and broke her leg, and after a period of healing, the keepers continued to limit contact between the two bears, for fear of a repeat.

Payton was moved to North Carolina, where he became companion to Haley's sister Anana (Lee's twin), but no cubs ever came of this pairing.

Haley's mother Aurora was sister to the famous Denali, father of 8 cubs in Japan). She was also half sister to Anana (a different Anana, who comes up later in our story), the late Koluk and his twin brother Kiska, who lives in Albuquerque.

Nuka in Detroit

Twin brothers Nuka and Koda were born November 25, 2004 in Denver to mother Voda and father Kavek. Nuka and Koda's older sister Cranbearry was born in 2001, and now lives in the Alaska Zoo. Kavek was brother of Rizzo of the Cincinnati and Hogle Zoos.

Koda and Nuka moved to Pittsburgh in 2006. Koda lived most of his life in Pittsburgh, where his sometimes companion was his Aunt Snowflake.  Koda moved to Memphis in 2021. Nuka moved to Detroit in 2011, where his mate was Talini. No cubs happened, so Talini moved to Chicago LP, and Crystal's young daughter Suka came to Detroit. 

Nuka on the Tundra side, Suka and Astra on the meadow side.

In Detroit, Suka had several pregnancies where the cubs did not survive. Then in 2020, she gave birth to Astra and Laerke. Astra was strong, but newborn Laerke was struggling, so after a few days, she was removed and raised by keepers. 

Twin sisters Astra and Laerke, separated during their first two years.

Astra was a strong healthy cub, but Laerke was small and struggled sometimes. The Detroit Zoo brought in a rescued grizzly cub from Alaska to help Laerke socialize and learn to be a bear. They made for an odd couple, but both cubs were happy with the arrangement. 

Jebbie and Laerke in a friendly bear hug.

Eventually Jebbie grew too large for the pair to safely continue. He found a good home at a bear sanctuary in Colorado.

The girls were reunited several years later, and moved to Tacoma Washington, where they continue to do well.

Nuka

Nuka's life as a soap opera

Although he is a bear, some of us polar bear fans have joked that Nuka's life has followed the plots of many human soap operas, from being the father of twins separated at birth, to being accused of murder and then exonerated, to having families with both mother and daughter, and now, stealing his twin brother's mate. Okay, that's enough anthropomorphizing!

The real story

After Suka gave birth to the twin girls Astra and Laerke, who were separated shortly after birth, a lady bear named Anana moved to Detroit from the Cincinnati Zoo, and there were hopes of a successful breeding. What followed was a tragedy, followed by unfair accusations and rumors.

Sadly, Anana was found dead on the Tundra area one wintry morning, and initial suspicions suggested that Nuka was responsible, in breeding gone wrong. There were some bloody wounds on her head. This was a shocking thought, especially since Nuka had always been a very gentle bear and the two bears got along well. Months later, the necropsy showed that Anana had died of natural causes, heart failure. The superficial wounds on her head were caused by Nuka trying to wake her up, to get her to move, alas in vain. The true cause of death was not publicized except in an email necropsy report to Zoo members (which I had access to), so many people went on to blame Nuka for years. 

As the soap opera continued, the Toledo Zoo, only an hour's drive away from Detroit, had lost Marty, the father of all of Crystal's cubs, to old age. So Crystal, Suka's mother, was alone. As mother of seven, Crystal was thought to be still fertile, even though she was up in years. So Nuka was invited to come to Toledo to spend romantic time with -- yes, basically his mother-in-law -- while Suka raised Astra, and the keepers took care of Laerke in the neighboring city of Detroit.

There was worry from the Toledo Zoo fans and maybe even the staff, about Nuka and the safety of Crystal, given the false story about Anana. This blog seemed to be the only news source in the world with the correct story, so the Toledo Blade newspaper contacted me, and printed the true story exonerating Nuka, the two bears were introduced, and all was well.

Nuka and Crystal got along well, and that fall, twins Kallik and Kallu were born. Nuka returned to Suka in Detroit.

Birthday party for 2 year old Kallu and Kallik and 26 year old Crystal

The Detroit Zoo was hoping that Suka and Nuka would have cubs this past fall, but there was noisy construction nearby, and maybe that disturbed the natural cycle. In any case, there were no cubs born in a US zoo last year, or the year before.

This is why Haley was moved to Detroit. All of the polar bears  in the US under the age of 10 are offspring or grandchildren of Crystal, except for rescued youngster Kava in the Alaska Zoo. In fact the last cub born in the US that wasn't a direct descendent of Crystal was Anana's daughter Luna born in 2012, the same Anana who tragically died in Detroit. 

Aurora and Yukon of Seneca Park were parents of four cubs, but only one has become a parent: Lee, father of Kulu in the Columbus Zoo. And now there is new hope that the next generation will continue with Haley's latest move to Detroit.

It is rather late in the breeding season for the two bears to be introduced, but I am sure the keepers will do what they can. 22 years of age is quite old for a first time birth for a polar bear, but fingers are crossed. 

The only living male polar bears who have fathered cubs in the US are Nuka and Haley's brother Lee. Next spring we may see cubs in Detroit, Columbus, and maybe even in Toledo, where wildborn Kali has just arrived for Crystal's approval. 

Fraulein Szenja of SeaWorld San Diego

Fräulein Szenja aus der SeaWorld San Diego

Szenja loves to swim

Two lovely lady bears, both age 19, live at SeaWorld San Diego. Snowflake was born at the Buffalo Zoo, but her friend Szenja came all the way from Germany almost 18 years ago, on April 22, 1997.

Zwei wunderbare Eisbärinnen, beide sind 19 Jahre alt, sie leben in der Sea World in San Diego. Snowflake kam aus dem Buffalo Zoo, ihre Freundin kam jedoch aus dem fernen Deutschland, vor fast 18 Jahren, am 22. April 1997. 

Szenja wakes from her nap and watches Snowflake pace

  

Szenja floats gracefully in her water ballet

Szenja was born in Wuppertal Zoo October 15, 1995. Her mother was Moscow-born Nina, and her father was Boris.

Szenja kam in Wuppertal zur Welt - am 15. Oktober 1995. Ihre Mutter war die aus Moskau geborene Nina, ihr Vater war Boris.

Szenja here has the distinctive bumpy nose of her father.

Boris was famous for his distinctive looks, with a broad and bumpy nose, squinty eyes, craggy face, and a big bump in top of his head. He was very fierce looking, and always seemed to be sneering. He died in 2009, before I could come visit him. I wish I could have met him. He was quite a character.

Boris kannte man wegen seines imposanten Gesichtsausdrucks, einer breiten und gebogenen Nase, schmalen Augen, ein mürrisches Gesicht und eine große Beule oben auf seinem Kopf. Er machte immer einen sehr furchteinflößenden Eindruck, fast konnte man ihn schnaufen hören. Er starb 2009, bevor ich in zu sehen bekam,ich hätte ihn recht gern selbst gesehen, er war schon ein Charakter.

Szenja has strong features, like her father Boris

Boris and Nina had three cubs. Troll was born November 15, 1986, and just died a few weeks ago, on February 10, 2015, at the age of 29. He spent most of his years in the Tierpark Berlin, and never did father any cubs. In recent years, because of his dominating personality, he did not mingle with the other bears, but came out by himself in the evening. Troll inherited his father's distinctive look.

Boris und Nina hatten drei Nachkommen. Troll am 15. November 1986, er verstarb am 10. Februar 2015 im Tierpark in Berlin. Er wurde 29 Jahre alt und verbrachte die meiste Zeit seiner Jahre im Tierpark in Berlin - und zeugte zeitlebens keinen Nachwuchs. Während der letzten Jahre seines Lebens, auf Grund seiner dominaten Persönlichkeit kam er mit den anderen Eisbären weniger gut zurande und wurde somit nur am Abend allein auf die Anlage gelassen. Er hat den durchdringenden Blick seines Vater übernommen.

A nice smile from beautiful Szenja

Candy, who was born November 2, 1992, was sent to Japan when she was about a year and a half old. She now lives in Sapporo, Japan. None of the three have had cubs. (Candy gave birth to a stillborn cub last December.)

Candy, die am 2. November 1992 auf die Welt kam wurde nach gut 1 1/5 Jahren nach Japan versandt. Sie lebt nun in Sapporo. Keiner der Nachkommen hatte Nachwuchs. (Candy gebar ein totes Jungtier im Dezember letzten Jahres.)

Szenja

In 1996, SeaWorld San Diego welcomed three new bears. Snowflake was American born. The other two bears came from Germany. Szenja came from Wuppertal. and Charly came from Hamburg. Charly, who was very friendly and playful, and well loved by the keepers, died in 2012 at the age of 16, having fathered no cubs with the two ladies. Charly's mother was Fanny of Gelsenkirchen Zoo, who died only a few months ago at the age of 35, believed to be the oldest polar bear in the world at the time of her death. Fanny's other cub, Victoria, still lives at the Hagenbeck Zoo in Hamburg, Germany. Victoria also has had no cubs.

Im Jahr 1996 bekam die SeaWorld San Diego drei neue Eisbären. Snowflake kam in den USA zur Welt, die beiden anderen Eisbären kamen aus Deutschland. Szenja aus Wuppertal, Charly aus Hamburg. Charly sei ein sehr spielfreudiger und freundlicher Eisbär, sehr geliebt von den Tierpflegern, er verstarb 2012 im Alter von 16 Jahren, er zeugte mit keiner seiner Eisbärfrauen jemals Nachwuchs. Charlys Mutter war Fanny aus dem Zoo in Gelsenkirchen, die auch erst vor einigen Monaten verstarb im unglaublichen Alter von 35 Jahren, man nimmt an, dass sie die bislang älteste, im Zoo lebende Eisbärin bis zu ihrem Tode war. Fannys anderer Nachwuchs ist Victoria, diese lebt in Hagenbecks Tierpark in Hamburg und hat bislang auch noch keinen Nachwuchs.

Snowflake in the distance, and Szenja, watching her, in front

Szenja having fun in the warm California sun

Szenja was sent to Pittsburgh on two occasions for breeding with Koda, in 2013 and 2014, but to no avail. The first year she went alone, but in 2014 SeaWorld San Diego shut down the polar bear exhibit for six months and flew both Szenja and Snowflake by FedEx to Pittsburgh. Like last year, Szenja was thought to be pregnant, but it was either a false pregnancy or she lost it. Snowflake showed no signs of pregnancy. They are not going to go to Pittsburgh again, this year.

Szenja wurde zweimal während der Paarungszeit nach Pittsburgh verbracht um sich mit Koda zu paaren, 2013 sowie auch 2014, allerdings ohne Erfolg. Im Jahr 2013 wurde Szenja allein versendet-jedoch in 2014 wurde die Eisbärenanlage in der Sea World für sechs Monaten geschlossen, die Wild Arctic wurde überholt und renoviert- und somit kamen beide Eisbären per Flugzeug von FedEx nach Pittsburgh. Man vermutet eine Scheinschwangerschaft bei Szenja, Snowflake zeigte keinerlei Anzeichen. Somit werden in 2015 die Eisbären nicht ein weiteres Mal nach Pittsburgh verschickt werden.

The enclosure as seen through the viewing window. This is Szenja

   The Wild Arctic enclosure at SeaWorld was renovated while the girls were away.

Das Wild Arctic Gehäuse in SeaWorld wurde renoviert, während die Mädchen weg waren.

Szenja walks around, looking for Snowflake

During my visit to the Wild Arctic exhibit at SeaWorld, Senja spent most of her time in the water, swimming and splashing through the underwater sunbeams.  

Während meines Besuches in der Wild Arctic in Sea World verbrachte Szenja die meiste Zeit im Wasser, schwimmen und herumtobend in den Sonnenstrahlen unter Wasser.

Szenja at play in the pool

The SeaWorld San Diego enclosure is all inside, although the roof is open and the bright California sunshine streams in. The visitor can watch the bears only through glass. A trip downstairs gives you access to a huge underwater viewing window. It is not a large area, but the pool is deep and Szenja really enjoyed it.  

Die Sea World San Diego Eisbärenanlage ist alles im Gebäude befindlich,wenn gleich das Dach offen ist und die grelle Sonne Californiens herein strömen kann. Der Besucher kann die Eisbären nur durch Glasscheiben beobachten. Etwas treppab gibt es ein etwas größeres Fenster.

Szenja in the sunbeams

There is a wonderful underwater viewing area. There is Szenja, swimming

Szenja does have the strong features of her father, but has a gentle personality. She is a beautiful, noble-looking bear, and gets along well with her friend Snowflake.

Szenja hat das Abbild ihres Vaters geerbt, aber sie ist ein freundliches Wesen. Sie ist eine schöne, edel aussehende Eisbärin, die sich sehr gut mit ihrer Freundin Snowflake verträgt.

Szenja is a beautiful lady bear

Underwater, Szenja is happy in her pool.

Übersetzung von Marga